Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. His defenders also noted that Napoleon III and Haussmann made a special point to build an equal number of new boulevards, new sewers, water supplies, hospitals, schools, squares, parks and gardens in the working class eastern arrondissements as they did in the western neighborhoods. At the beginning of the Second Empire, gas was provided by six different private companies. A century after Napoleon III's reign, new housing needs and the rise of a new voluntarist Vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III between 1853 and 1870Overcrowding, disease, crime, and unrest in the center of the old ParisLouis-Napoléon Bonaparte comes to power, and the rebuilding of Paris begins (1848–1852)Haussmann begins work – the Croisée de Paris (1853–59)The second phase – a network of new boulevards (1859–1867)The downfall of Haussmann (1870) and the completion of his work (1927)Underneath the streets of Haussmann's Paris – the renovation of the city's infrastructureThe debate about the military purposes of Haussmann's boulevardsOvercrowding, disease, crime, and unrest in the center of the old ParisLouis-Napoléon Bonaparte comes to power, and the rebuilding of Paris begins (1848–1852)Haussmann begins work – the Croisée de Paris (1853–59)The second phase – a network of new boulevards (1859–1867)The downfall of Haussmann (1870) and the completion of his work (1927)Underneath the streets of Haussmann's Paris – the renovation of the city's infrastructureThe debate about the military purposes of Haussmann's boulevardsJarrasse, Dominque (2007), Grammmaire des jardins Parisiens, Parigramme. Haussmann widened the square, moved the In the first phase of his renovation Haussmann constructed 9,467 metres (6 miles) of new boulevards, at a net cost of 278 million francs. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was viewed as overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy.

In 1867, one of the leaders of the parliamentary opposition to Napoleon, In his memoirs, written many years later, Haussmann had this comment on his dismissal: "In the eyes of the Parisians, who like routine in things but are changeable when it comes to people, I committed two great wrongs: Over the course of seventeen years, I disturbed their daily habits by turning Paris upside down, and they had to look at the same face of the Prefect in the Hotel de Ville. In February 1851, the French Senate had simplified the laws on expropriation, giving him the authority to expropriate all the land on either side of a new street; and he did not have to report to the Parliament, only to the Emperor. It was in part necessary, and one should give him credit for his self-confidence, but he was certainly lacking culture and good taste...In the United States, it would be wonderful, but in our capital, which he covered with barriers, scaffolds, gravel, and dust for twenty years, he committed crimes, errors, and showed bad taste. Haussmann forced them to consolidate into a single company, the Haussmann's renovation of Paris had many critics during his own time. "Napoleon III and Haussmann commissioned a wide variety of architecture, some of it traditional, some of it very innovative, like the glass and iron pavilions of Since 1801, under Napoleon I, the French government was responsible for the building and maintenance of churches.

These critics argued that a small number of large, open intersections allowed easy control by a small force. Statistics showed that the population of the first and sixth arrondissements, where some of the most densely populated neighborhoods were located, dropped, while the population of the new 17th and 20th arrondissements, on the edges of the city, grew rapidly. The rue de Rivoli was completed, and the new hotel opened in March 1855, in time to welcome guests to the Exposition. "There was only one armed uprising in Paris after Haussmann, the As Paris historian Patrice de Moncan observed, most of Haussmann's projects had little or no strategic or military value; the purpose of building new sewers, aqueducts, parks, hospitals, schools, city halls, theaters, churches, markets and other public buildings was, as Haussmann stated, to employ thousands of workers, and to make the city more healthy, less congested, and more beautiful.Haussmann was also blamed for the social disruption caused by his gigantic building projects. The new mairie, or town hall, of the 12th arrondissement. ©2020 Encyclopædia Universalis France. Achat, vente ou location vous pouvez faire des recherches simplement pour trouver par exemple des résultats du type maiso…. Héron de Villefosse denounced Haussmann's central market, Les Halles, as "a hideous eruption" of cast iron. Haussmann built, renovated or purchased nineteen churches. Bien Spécial Investisseur. The annexation included eleven communes; Auteuil, Batignolles-Monceau, Montmartre, La Chapelle, Passy, La Villette, Belleville, Charonne, Bercy, Grenelle and Vaugirard,The third phase of renovations was proposed in 1867 and approved in 1869, but it faced much more opposition than the earlier phases.

A majority of members of parliament voted to change the Constitution, but not the two-thirds majority required. BAROZZI Jacques, Guide des 400 jardins de Paris, Hachette, 1982. p. 134Letter written by owners from the neighbourhood of the Pantheon to prefect Berger in 1850, quoted in the In his memoires, he wrote that his new boulevard Sebastopol resulted in the "gutting of old Paris, of the quarter of riots and barricades. Before Haussmann, the sewer tunnels (featured in Victor Hugo's The underground labyrinth built by Haussmann also provided gas for heat and for lights to illuminate Paris.